Avery Hancock takes a look at what the election might mean for the UK’s foreign aid contributions.
With all the talk of hard choices and spending cuts it comes as some relief to the international development community that both Labour and the Conservatives plan to ring-fence aid spending. The Liberal Democrats say they will not ring-fence any department funds.
All three parties say they are committed to the UK reaching its promise to commit 0.7 per cent of GDP to overseas and development aid, a target first agreed to by donors at the UN General Assembly in 1970 and reaffirmed on many occasions since. Just this January the Secretary of State at the Department for International Development (DfID), Douglas Alexander, presented a draft International Development (Official Development Assistance Target) bill before Parliament which would legally bind the UK to reaching 0.7 per cent by 2013. This is two years ahead of the European Union’s collective commitment to reach 0.7 per cent GNI by 2015. So far the UK seems to be on track. For 2010-11, DfID projects £9.1 billion of aid spending, representing 0.56 per cent of the UK’s gross national income.
The cross-party agreement on an aid target, however, belies quite different approaches to how and where the aid budget should be used. Last summer the Conservatives launched ‘One World Conservatism’ , its green paper on international development. Running throughout the paper (a hefty one, at 65 pages) is a focus on results, accountability, and transparency.
This is not altogether surprising considering the resurging debates about the efficacy of the aid enterprise as a whole (personified by the media-friendly Zambian economist Dambisa Moyo and her book Dead Aid). The first thing the Conservatives would do is set up an Independent Aid Watchdog to replace DFID’s in-house evaluation processes and perhaps to duplicate standard NAO audits. Despite the obvious difficulties in attributing development outcomes to specific projects or even specific donors, this seems a reasonable proposition.
What is more controversial are the Tories’ plans for Cash-on-Delivery (COD) aid, as pioneered by the Washington-based Center for Global Development. This would commit the UK to paying a certain amount to recipient governments for a specific measure of progress – as they put it, ‘£100 for every extra child who attends school, or for every extra mother who gives birth in a proper medical facility.’ So if the recipient government gets 10,000 extra children in school they would get £1 million. It sounds simple enough, and would reassure taxpayers in the UK that aid is not being ‘wasted’ on corrupt governments. But there are some serious drawbacks as set out in a briefing from the UK-based NGO CAFOD.
The most obvious concern is where recipient governments would find the cash to fund development projects up-front, a problem that the Tory green paper doesn’t address. Proponents of ‘cash on delivery’ stress that it must be pursued in conjunction with other aid streams. Secondly it imposes a double penalty on poor performers for development outcomes that may be out of their control. Corruption and poor governance certainly affect development outcomes but so do natural disasters, unfair terms of trade, and political upheavals. Poverty is multi-causal and placing the blame solely on the shoulders of government officials- and thereby denying ordinary people of aid- doesn’t seem right.
On the other hand, well-performing and well-financed ‘aid darlings’ such as Rwanda-where a large chunk of the Conservative Party spend a few weeks every summer volunteering- will continue to receive generous amounts. Rwanda, by the way, has done well by becoming a Commonwealth member- the Conservatives are looking to concentrate aid on fewer countries – and more Commonwealth countries.
And then there is just the whacky. The Conservatives will set up a £40 million MyAid fund in which British citizens vote on where and how to spend aid money. Ostensibly this aims to improve taxpayers’ control over aid. But one can imagine a perverse ‘X factor’ style competition for what country or community really needs aid the most. (Will it be child soldiers? AIDS orphans? Darfuris or Afghan women?) Increasing public interest in international development is important – in fact DFID already spends several hundred thousands pounds a year on a Development Awareness Fund aimed at UK audiences. But surely aid should be based on need, whether it is camera-friendly or not?
Lastly, there is concern that the Conservatives will compromise the hard-won independence of DFID, which was set up 1997 as a cabinet-level department precisely so its mandate of poverty reduction would not be subsumed under diplomatic and military agendas. Unlike its opposite number in America, USAID, which is essentially an implementing agency of the State Department (and has been indeed since the Monroe era) , DFID is required under the International Development Act (2002) to prove that its spending is likely to contribute to poverty reduction- the so-called ‘primary purpose test.’ This integrity has earned DFID a high-ranking amongst other donors and development practitioners; for example the International Rescue Committee, a leading international humanitarian organisation, has even pushed for the U.S. to adopt the ‘DFID model’.
The Conservatives have promised that DFID will remain an independent department. But critics argue that have indicated a dangerous muddling of the security, diplomatic, and development agendas through a plan to channel DFID money through a military stabilisation force. This would see military-led stabilisation projects (read: counter-terrorism) being implemented in places like Iraq and Afghanistan. This policy received immediate criticism from aid agencies who said it would undermine development projects and put relief workers at risk in volatile areas by identifying them too closely with the military. Cameron said the Conservatives would abide by OECD rules when matching the 0.7 per cent aid commitment, although this would not prevent ODA from being used in some military operations. On the diplomatic front DFID would have to sign up to Foreign Policy objectives. It could be the end of an era.
The Lib Dems have joined with Labour and the Conservatives in reaching for the 0.7 per cent target but they show a certain distrust of targets and pledges. Their latest consultation paper on international development reminds voters that the G8 still has a long way to go in delivering the £50 billion promised at Gleneagles in 2005, and that the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs, set to expire in 2015) are largely off-track. In order to make the 0.7 per cent target meaningful they suggest that DFID should put in place measurable milestones to achieving it. And to breathe new life into the MDGs they suggest that the World Bank take on a greater accountability role.
The Lib Dems are up-front about aid money being spent on debt reduction, post-Copenhagen environmental initiatives, conflict resolution and joint Foreign Office- MoD programmes – all of them areas that voters might not think of as traditional aid. They take a refreshing look at partnership with recipient governments and participation for local people in tailoring aid projects to fit their needs.
From Labour we can expect increasing interest in ‘fragile’ states, (50 per cent of all new bilateral assistance will be targeted in conflict-affected states) particularly Afghanistan and Pakistan. The party also favours increasing the amount of aid channelled through the UN, EU, and other multilaterals, and investing in a ‘low-carbon future.’ The DFID white paper is quick to point out that during a global recession aid is more needed than ever- see especially Chapter 5 on ‘Keeping Our Promises in a Downturn.’
Happily there is still considerable support for development amongst the UK electorate as a whole. So whoever ends up in Government can expect pressure from NGOs to ensure the 0.7 per cent target is met, and for the right reasons.
Avery thanks for an excellent article and for your eloquent and thorough response to Shauns comment. It put to rest a lot of misconceptions surrounding the aid we give and to address the ill considered objections that have arisen since the financial crisis began.
Shaun, thank you for your comment.
I think you hit the nail right on the head when you say that people in the UK are suffering in a relative way, especially when you consider that more than one billion people in the world live on less than one dollar a day- and that another 2.7 billion struggle to survive on less than two dollars per day.
Think, for a moment, about the following statistics from the UN:
• Every year six million children die from malnutrition before their fifth birthday.
• More than 800 million people go to bed hungry every day…300 million are children.
• More than 2.6 billion people-over 40 per cent of the world’s population-do not have basic sanitation, and more than one billion people still use unsafe sources of drinking water.
The UK has made a valuable contribution toward reducing global poverty and reaching the Millennium Development Goals- but these gains are fragile and easily reversible. Yes, times are tough at home. But the financial crisis, which began in rich countries, is hitting developing countries hard; global trade has contracted, remittances and private capital flows have fallen dramatically, commodity prices have become more volatile and unemployment is on the rise. Combined with the recent food crisis which through millions of people into extreme poverty, deteriorating growth in developing countries will slow down poverty reduction efforts. According to the World Bank about 55 million more people will live on less than $1.25 a day in developing countries this year than expected pre-crisis.
Would now be the time for the UK to turn its back on its commitments to help the most vulnerable people on earth? Unfortunately we cannot switch aid on and off without long-term consequences. As DFID’s white paper states, that unless action is taken to assist those worst hit by the global recession, ‘It is not only one generation that will sink back into poverty – their children will also suffer for the rest of their lives. Girls
taken out of school because their family can no longer afford it find it hard to return.
Children who have too little to eat today will be physically and mentally stunted for the
rest of their lives.’
Leaving moral considerations aside, let’s consider the consequences of deepening global poverty and inequality and how problems facing poor countries affect us here in the UK.
On an economic level, we know that sustainable growth in the developing world is essential for the UK’s prosperity; Our fastest growing export markets are low and middle
income countries; if these countries stagnate it will threaten our economic recovery. In terms of national security, we know that countries with weak government and grinding poverty can become hotbeds of radicalism and terrorism. The effects of conflict are no longer confined to individual countries as refugees and instability increasingly cross international boundaries, as we see in Somalia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and of course Afghanistan. Investing in good health systems worldwide protects us from global pandemics. Lastly, if we are to build a sustainable future we need to ensure that developing countries are given assistance in developing green industries- and given support to mitigate the effects of climate change- which disproportionately affect poor countries. As you say, we all live on planet Earth.
You are right to be concerned about corrupt governments ill-using aid money- which is why DFID and other donors employ a variety of funding streams. Some are directly linked to governments but there are many that support the civil society organizations who are working on the frontline to combat poverty. For more information check out the Civil Society section of DFID’s website.
Bizzarre ,we All live on planet earth ,and people in Uk are suffering real hardship in a relative way , and our govts are cutting welfare
so we going have the vunerable and sick sweeping roads picking up litter so monies can be sent abroad for corrupt failed 3rd world countries
what a world
For international development in the 2010 election check the Vote Global website http://www.voteglobal.org.uk includes where the parties stand on aid and beyond aid.